Investigation of urea usage in soda pulping of Populus deltoides
In this study, the use of the urea was investigated as an additive in soda pulping of Populus deltoides in comparison with the conventional soda and Kraft processes. Urea was used at the ratios of 1.5%, 3%, 4.5%, and, 6% based on the dry weight of wood in the soda process. The constant factors were determined for each distinct cooking of soda, soda-urea, and Kraft treatments. The dry weight of the chips was 150 g, the ratio of the liquor to wood (L/W) 4: 1, the maximum temperature 170°C and active alkaline content 18% (based on Na2O). Cooking time, the only changing factor, was varied from 30 to 330 min depending on the type of cooking. Besides, the sulfidity ratio was 25% for all Kraft treatments. After ending pulping time, the pulp samples were fully washed. Then, the screen accepts and the screen rejects were evaluated using a 20 and a 200-mesh screen. The observation shows that the more urea usage is in a pulping liquor, the more total yield, however, the screen reject value unexpectedly increased. Hence, the optimum values were determined by 1.5% and 3%. The investigation of handsheet samples indicated an increment trend of mechanical strengths with an addition of urea; so that the tear, tensile, and burst indexes of soda-urea samples were significantly higher than for each symmetric soda sample. It has been supposed that cellulose carbamate is essential in the enhancement.