WOOD RESEARCH Volume 61, Number 3, 2016
Mehmet Yeniocak, Mehmet Colak, Osman Goktas, and Ibrahim Koca

Fire resistance performance of wood materials colored with eco-friendly pomegranate skin (Punica granatum) extracts

The main goal of this study was to determine fire resistance properties of wood treated with pomegranate extract and mordant mixes. According to that wood materials Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) were chosen. Aluminum sulphate (KAl2(SO4)3.18H2O) copper sulphate (CuSO2.5H2O) and vinegar were used as mordant agent and a synthetic dye was used for comparison. Ultrasonic assisted method were used for extractionthe plant dyestuff from pomegranate skin (Punica granatum) and then applied to wood blocks by immersion (classic) and immersion ultrasonic assisted methods. The combustion test was realized according to ASTM-E 69-02 (2002) standard. The mass losses release of gasses (CO, O2) and the temperature differences of samples were detected for each 30 seconds during combustion. The results showed that the aluminum sulphate mixes were showed the best results on all tests. Unfortunately test performances are not enough to retard the fire effect on the wood materials. Eco-friendly natural colorant might be developed to use them as fire retardant.

WOOD RESEARCH Volume 63, Number 1, 2018
Małgorzata Kajda-Szcześniak and Tomasz J. Jaworski

Characteristics of the combustion process of woodwork waste in the installation of thermal treatment of municipal solid waste (tpok)

The article presents tests concerning efficiency of combustion process in a layer by defining quantitative evaluation indicators (localization of reaction (flame) front, ignition rate, mass loss rate, thermal load of the grate). Wood wastes of various grain size were subject of tests. Obtained results for pure wood and paper have also been presented for comparison. Experimental tests were carried out on laboratory scale. The advantage of such tests is large saving of costs which would have to be incurred for tests performed on a real object. Received values of the quantitative indexes may be used by shifting them from the devices in laboratory scale into industrial devices. They help in selecting technical parameters for the systems. Furthermore, they help to avoid errors of input data at the stage of realization of the new or modernized project of the incineration plant. The results show that the tested wood waste were similar regarding their physicochemical properties. The differences can be observed in heating values (14.30-19.91 MJ∙kg-1). The rate of ignition for all investigated materials is high (0.021-0.063 kg∙(m-2s-1)). Values of SZ and SUM are similar which suggests that the probability of unburned fraction of waste remaining at the end of grate of TPOK installation is low. The ratio SZ/SUM is between 0.79 and 1.49, higher than 1.0, which means that SZ > SUM. It seems to be right as the rate of mass decrement is lower than the rate of ignition.

WOOD RESEARCH Volume 64, Number 4, 2019
Małgorzata Kajda-Szcześniak and Tomasz J. Jaworski

Analysis of the formation and primary minimization of nitrogen oxides during the combustion of nitrogen-rich post-consumer wood waste

The article presents research on mechanism of formation of nitric oxide during combustion of wood derivative wastes in grid furnace boilers including waste incineration plants. Considering their elemental composition (large amount of nitrogen) they require supervision in thermal processes for their treatment. Concentrations of the formed nitric oxides, depending on the parameters of the combustion process and the size of the combusted grains, were subject to evaluation. The source of nitrogen in tested wastes is urea-formaldehyde resin used as a joint. The tests proved that the dominant mechanism is fueling mechanism for formation of nitrogen oxides. It is possible to limit this mechanism with original methods that interfere directly into the combustion process in the chamber (following temperature regime, granulation and humidity of the waste, intensity of mixing waste on the grill, stream of original air in the amount adjusted to the combustion phase in the grill). The article specifies main recommendations for the conduction of thermal transformation of wastes minimizing fuel nitric oxides.

WOOD RESEARCH Volume 66, Number 3, 2021
Ahmet C. Yalinkilic, Eyup Aksoy, Musa Atar, Hamza Cinar, and Hakan Keskin

Eco-design: Impacts of bleaching chemicals and varnishes on the amount of carbon dioxide in the combustion of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky)

This study was carried out to determine the effects of bleaching chemicals and varnishes on the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the combustion of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky). For this purpose, samples of Oriental beech prepared according to ASTM D 358 contain 18% R1 = (NaOH + H2O2), R2 = (NaOH + Ca(OH)2 + H2O2), R3 = (Na2S2O5 + H2C2O4), R4 = (NaSiO3 + H2O2), R5 = (KMnO4 + Na2S2O5 + H2O2) solution groups, after bleaching with solution groups, water based, synthetic, polyurethane and acrylic varnish were applied according to ASTM D 3023 and combustion tests were carried out in accordance with ASTM E 160-50. Gas measurements were made with the SIGMA 74172 NSU flue gas device during the combustion process. As a result, in respect to the burning types; the highest amount of CO2 (ppm) was found in the self-combustion (8.468 ppm) while the lowest was obtained from the flame combustion source (4.599 ppm). In respect to the types of bleaching; the highest in R5 (7.458 ppm) and the lowest in R3 (4.059 ppm) were found. According to the varnish types; the highest value was found in the synthetic varnish (8.261), and the lowest value was found in the acrylic varnish (4.772 ppm). According to combustion type + bleaching solution + varnish type interaction, the highest values were found for without flame combustion (II) + R3 + Sn (18.40 ppm) and lowest for flame source combustion (I) + R5 + Pu (0.600 ppm). Consequently, the highest values for combustion gases were found in samples of oriental beech wood samples treated with water-based varnish with R1 solution. According to this, in terms of human health and life safety, possibility of fire in places, R3 solution and acrylic varnish may be used in the related industries.

WOOD RESEARCH Volume 64, Number 1, 2019
S. Sadiye Yasar

Effects of wood preservatives on the combustion process and combustion quality of wood

This study examines the combustion properties of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L.) in 3 stages (CWF, SC and EC) according to ASTM E 160-50 (1975). Wood samples were impregnated with Tanalith-E (T) and Wolmanit-CB (WC) and then were varnished with Synthetic (St) and water based (wb) varnishes. When the combustion was completed, the weight loss, combustion temperatures, illuminance values, total time of combustion, and demolition time were measured. As the result, illuminance value of Oriental beech wood decreased, while the smoke density increased. Scots pine was later destroyed in the combustion process. Areas with a risk of fire are advised to use pine wood instead of beech. Wolmanit-CB and synthetic varnish reduced the temperature and illuminance values. Oriental beech, Tanalith-E, and synthetic varnish resulted in the highest temperatures for all combustion stages. This triple interaction increased total combustion time values by more than 90% when compared with the control samples.